Es uno de los momentos menos publicitados, pero de los más simbólicos e importantes de toda transición presidencial en EE.UU.
Desde hace casi seis décadas, durante la toma de posesión del nuevo mandatario el 20 de enero, eclipsados por la fanfarria y los ornamentos, dos militares con uniformes de gala esperan detrás de unos pilares el momento de la juramentación.
Uno de ellos, que generalmente ha acompañado al presidente saliente en la mayoría de sus viajes, lleva consigo un pesado maletín negro que, cuando el reloj marque el mediodía, entregará al otro oficial, que se encargará desde entonces de cargarlo para el nuevo comandante en jefe.
Se trata de la llamada «caja negra» o «maletín nuclear«, una valija reforzada con metal que acompaña a todas partes al presidente de EE.UU. porel caso de que necesitara lanzar un ataque atómico estando lejos de la Casa Blanca.
Desde que se comenzó a utilizar durante el gobierno de John F. Kennedy, el traspaso de la maleta ha sido una parte fundamental, aunque discreta de las ceremonias de toma de posesión en EE.UU.
Sin embargo, este año el simple proceso de pasar una maleta de una manos a otras implica un desafío logístico sin precedentes: por primera vez, en más de un siglo, el mandatario saliente no estará en la toma de posesión de su sucesor.
Trump es el primer presidente en más de un siglo y medio que elude la ceremonia de toma de posesión de su sucesor.
Y como presidente debe tener a mano el maletín nuclear hasta el mediodía. Momento en el que su plan es estar a 1.500 km de distancia, en el sur de Florida. Muy lejos de Biden, que debe tenerlo en cuanto sea presidente.
Entonces, ¿cómo se realizará la transferencia de los códigos nucleares si los presidentes estarán a cientos de kilómetros de distancia?
Una solución insólita
Ante la inquietud de cómo se realizará el traspaso de los códigos nucleares, el Pentágono respondió recientemente que tenía un plan para el «Día de la Inauguración», pero declinó ofrecer detalles.
Sin embargo, varios expertos y académicos han explicados cuáles son los posibles escenarios que se han debido barajar ante una situación tan insólita en la historia de Estados Unidos.
Durante un evento del Centro para el Control de Armas y la No Proliferación, Stephen Schwartz, experto en el maletín nuclear del Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, explicó que, contrario a lo que muchos piensan, en realidad, existen al menos tres maletas de este tipo.
Una es la que acompaña al presidente, pero hay otra lista para ser entregada en caso de emergencia al vicepresidente o al «sobreviviente designado» (el miembro del gabinete que se designa para asumir el gobierno si por algún motivo mueren todos los líderes en la línea de sucesión presidencial).
Schwartz consideró que el Pentágono podría utilizar uno de estos maletines –o preparar uno nuevo– para entregarlo a Biden y activarlo en el momento en que tome posesión.
En ese momento, expira la autoridad de mando y control nuclear de Trump, por lo que su tarjeta que le da paso a los códigos nucleares sería desactivada.
«Si un ayudante con el maletín acompaña a Trump en el Air Force One a Florida, ese ayudante se retirará de la presencia de Trump al mediodía y regresará a Washington con el maletín», contó Schwartz a CNN.
El proceso real
Y es que si bien el tema del maletín nuclear y sus usos han fascinado a millones de personas a lo largo de los años, lo que muchos no saben es que los códigos nucleares y las claves que permiten identificarse al presidente como tal para dar la orden de un ataque no están en la maleta.
La clave para activar un ataque nuclear está en una pequeña tarjeta de plástico que el presidente en turno guarda en un bolsillo.
Se le conoce como «código de oro» o «galleta».
El mandatario debe romperla por la mitad para verificar su identidad cuando contacta a la Unidad de Guerra en el Pentágono, la sede del Ministerio de la Defensa, para autorizar un ataque.
En la mañana de la inauguración, el nuevo presidente y el vicepresidente reciben instrucciones sobre cómo utilizar el maletín y el futuro mandatario recibe la tarjeta.
Según el Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, el Pentágono generalmente hace que las tarjetas del presidente saliente queden desactivadas al mediodía del día de la inauguración, mientras entra en funcionamiento la del nuevo mandatario.
Así, a las 12:01 PM del 20 de enero, en el caso hipotético de que Trump quisiera lanzar un ataque nuclear no podría hacerlo, tenga o no el maletín, como tampoco podría Biden a las 11:59 AM.
Los temores de que Trump pueda lanzar un ataque nuclear previo a su partida del gobierno levantaron preocupaciones tras la insurrección en el Capitolio a inicios de mes.
Entonces, la líder de la Cámara de Representantes Nacy Pelosy, se comunicó con la jefatura del Departamento de Defensa para pedirles que no siguieran las órdenes de Trump en caso de que activara los códigos antes de abandonar la Casa Blanca.
El maletín
Según explicó con anterioridad a la BBC Bruce Blair, un miembro del equipo de lanzamiento nuclear de EE.UU. ya retirado, contrariamente a la creencia popular, maletín nuclear no contiene un botón o códigos para lanzar automáticamente un arma nuclear, sino los protocolos para el ataque y el equipo que necesita para comunicarse con los asesores de mayor rango.
«En el maletín también hay un plan de guerra gráfico, en una sola hoja se especifican los objetivos, el número de muertos y las armas a disposición. Así es fácil entender la dimensión de la situación en pocos segundos», contó Blair.
FUENTE DE LA IMAGEN,GETTY IMAGES
Dentro del maletín no solo están los códigos para lanzar un ataque de destrucción masiva, también hay dos libros.
Uno contiene una detallada explicación de los tipos de ataque nuclear que se pueden realizar y otro una lista de «sitios seguros» para que el presidente estadounidense y su familia puedan refugiarse.
Muchas de las veces en las que fue visto el maletín, se advirtió una antena saliendo de él: es el sistema de telecomunicación para establecer una línea directa con el Pentágono.
Fuente: BBC NEWS
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